A proposal for vector math in ADQL

With tables containing massive amounts of vectors becoming common (e.g., the collections of low-resolution spectra within Gaia DR3 or the Digitised Byurakan Surveys), giving TAP users a toolset to do server-side work with arrays becomes highly desirable and will significantly enhance the power of ADQL to do server-side analyses. This is an attempt to provide a baseline feature set for that.

TAP servers supporting this should declare that by defining a language feature. While no IVOA specification exists for array operations, use the VECTORMATH key from GAVO's ADQL extensions standards record, like this:

<languageFeatures type="ivo://org.gavo.dc/std/exts#extra-adql-keywords">
  <feature>
    <form>VECTORMATH</form>
      <description>You can compute with vectors here. See
        https://wiki.ivoa.net/twiki/bin/view/IVOA/ADQLVectorMath
        for an overview of the functions and operators available.
      </description>
   </feature>
</languageFeatures>

Element Access

To access an element of a vector, write [element-index], where element-index is an integer-valued expression. In keeping with common SQL practices (and regrettably working against most programming languages), indexes in ADQL are 1-based (rather than 0-based). That is, the first element of an array with N elements has the index 1 and the last element has the index N.

Again in keeping with common SQL practices, accessing elements outside of that range gives NULL.

Basic Math

• scal*vec and vec*scal is the scalar multiplication of a vector.
• vec/scal is the equivalent of (1/scal)*vec for a scalar. This is always floating point division, never integer division.

Vector computations

Array Aggregation

These are functions that work like SQL aggregate functions, just on the elements of arrays. These ought to return the types of the elements of the argument (real, double precision, integers).

• arr_avg(arr) returns the arithmetic mean of arr's elements
• arr_max(arr) returns the largest element of arr
• arr_min(arr) returns the smallest element of arr
• arr_sum(arr) returns the sum of arr's elements

Aggregate Functions for Arrays

The following standard ADQL aggregate functions, applied to arrays, work component-wise:

• ARG
• MIN
• MAX
• SUM

Array Map

arr_map(expr_over_x, arr) computes a new array by binding each element of arr to x in turn and then computing expr_over_x.

expr_over_x is an ADQL numeric_value_expression that can use column references as usual, except that the name x is reserved for the evaluation.

For instance, arr_map(power(10, x), mags) will return an array [power(10, mags[1]), power(10, mags[2]), power(10, mags[3])...].

Admittedly, the artificial "x" here is not pretty. The clean solution would be to define some sort of lambda calculus for ADQL ("first class functions"), but that's almost certainly overdoing it (although: does anyone do that in SQL?).

Perhaps it is preferable to use the array name itself, as in arr_map(power(10, mags), mags)? That would at least not clobber other names that SQL might want to use somewhere else? In implementation, at least Markus had to massage these column references on the translator level anyway. On the other hand, one might be tempted then to leave out the second argument at all, and that would require a lot more thought, first, as regards finding arrays in the expression (do we want to require translators to be able to do that?), and then what should happen if there are multiple arrays.

Implementation Status

The SQL part of an implementation of this in postgresql is in DaCHS //adql RD, the create_array_operator script. The functionality can be tried out at the TAP service at http://dc.g-vo.org/tap. Suitable tables (i.e., with vector-like data) include sdssdr16.main, gaia.dr2epochflux, onebigb.ssa, or dfbsspec.spectra.

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